Friedrich I, "Barbarossa" Holy Roman Empir

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Friedrich I, "Barbarossa" Emperor Of The Holy Roman Empire called Barbarossa or
Red Beard, succeeded his uncle Conrad III as king of Germany in 1152. He
became Holy Roman Emperor in 1155. The German people admired and respected him
as a great national hero. In 1180, he defeated his great rival for power in
Germany, Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria. With the help of loyal
princes and an able administration, he enforced his authority in Germany and
the Slavic borderlands to the east.
He was less successful in a bitter struggle against Pope Alexander III and the
Lombard League of North Italian cities. The League defeated Frederick at the
Battle of Legnano in 1176. It was in this battle that foot soldiers recorded
their first great victory over feudal cavalry. The Lombard cities forced
Frederick to grant them self-government in the Peace of Constance in 1183. The
Emperor started on the Third Crusade to the Holy Land in 1189, but drowned the
next year while crossing a river. A German legend, however, says that
Barbarossa never really died but is sleeping beside a huge table in the
Kyffhauser Mountains. When his beard grows completely around the table, the
legend says, he will arise and conquer Germany's enemies.

Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire), called Frederick Barbarossa (1123?-90), Holy
Roman emperor and king of Germany (1152-90), king of Italy (1155-90), and as
Frederick III, duke of Swabia (1147-52, 1167-68). He was born in Waiblingen,
the son of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, duke of Swabia (1090-1147), and the
nephew of Conrad III, king of Germany. Conrad III, favoring Frederick over his
own son, on his deathbed recommended to the German princes that Frederick be
chosen for the German kingship and the imperial throne. Accordingly, after the
death of his uncle in 1152, Frederick Barbarossa was made German king and
elected Holy Roman emperor. He conceived of his imperial title as a grant from
God, through the German princes, and wished to restore the glory of the Roman
Empire. He consequently decided to consolidate the imperial position in Germany
and Italy and began by issuing a general order for peace among the princes of
Germany, at the same time granting them extensive concessions. In 1154 he
proceeded to Italy, where he received the Lombard crown at Pavia. The following
year he was crowned Holy Roman emperor by Pope Adrian IV, whose authority
Frederick had reinstated before his coronation.

In 1156 Pope Adrian aroused Frederick against the papacy by implying in a
letter to him that the emperor held lands only as a fief from the pope. Two
years later Frederick incurred the hostility of the Lombards by demanding
recognition of all his royal rights, including his power to appoint the
imperial podesta, or governor, in every town. Such cities as Milan, Piacenza,
Brescia, and Crema considered that demand a denial of their communal liberties
and in 1158 began a struggle that lasted until 1183 and required Frederick to
lead five expeditions to Italy. Between 1158 and 1162 Frederick warred with
Milan and its allies, subduing that city and confirming claims to other Italian
cities. Meanwhile Frederick had set up a series of antipopes in opposition to
the reigning pope, Alexander III, who espoused the cause of the Milanese and
their allies and who, in 1165, excommunicated Frederick. By attacking the
Leonine City in Rome in 1167-68, Frederick was able to install one of the
antipopes, Paschal III (died 1168), on the papal throne. The Lombard League,
consisting of the cities of Milan, Parma, Padua, Verona, Piacenza, Bologna,
Cremona, Mantua, Bergamo, and Brescia, was formed in 1167 and eventually
acknowledged Pope Alexander as leader. During the next seven years the league
acquired military strength, rebuilt Milan, constructed the fortress city of
Alessandria, and organized a federal system of administration. The fifth
expedition (1174-76) of Frederick to Italy terminated in defeat by the Lombard
League at Legnano. The defeat was significant in military history, because it
was the first major triumph of infantry over a mounted army of feudal knights.
Frederick was forced in 1177 to acknowledge Alexander III as pope and in 1183
to sign the Peace of Constance, acceding to the demands of the Lombards for
autonomy but retaining imperial suzerainty over the towns.

Although imperial control in Italy was virtually ended by his defeat at
Legnano, Frederick managed to enhance his prestige in central Europe. He made
Poland tributary to the empire, raised Bohemia to the rank of a kingdom, and
erected the margravate of Austria into an independent hereditary duchy. His own
power as emperor in Germany was firmly established in 1180, when he ended his
long struggle with the Welfs by putting down a revolt led by the Welf Henry the
Lion and depriving him of most of his lands.

Frederick initiated the Third Crusade in 1189, and in the next year, having
resigned the government of the empire to his son Henry, later Holy Roman
Emperor Henry VI, set out for Asia Minor. After gaining two great victories
over the Muslims at Philomelion (now Ak3ehir) and Iconium (now Konya), he was
drowned in the Calycadnus (now Goksu) River in Cilicia (now in Turkey) on June
10, 1190.
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Reference:
"The World Book Encyclopedia", 1968, p F422.
"Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire)," Microsoft (R) Encarta. Copyright (c) 1993
Microsoft Corporation. Copyright (c) 1993 Funk & Wagnall's Corporation

Friedrich married Beatrix, Empress Of Holy Roman Empir 9 Jun 1156. Beatrix, (daughter of Raimond III, Count Palatine and Agatha Princess Of Lorraine) was born Abt 1121, Of, Swabia, Germany; died 8 Nov 1184. [Group Sheet]

1. Henry VI, Emperor Germany was born 1164; died 1196.
2. Phillip II, Emperor Germany was born 1176/1180, Of, Swabia, Germany; died 14 Jun 1208, Bamberg.

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• AFN: 9HM6-VL

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Friedrich II, Duke Of Swabia

Friedrich married Judith, Princess Of Bavaria 1119/1120, Of. Judith, (daughter of Heinrich, Duke Of Bavaria and Ulfhide (Wolfhildis), Princess Saxony) was born Abt 1102, Of, Bavaria; died 15 Feb 1125. [Group Sheet]

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Hohenstaufen, noble German family, members of which were rulers of the Holy
Roman Empire and kings of Germany and Sicily. The family name was derived from
the ancestral castle at Staufen (near present-day Freiburg). The family began
in 1079 with the marriage of Frederick I, duke of Swabia (1050-1105), to Agnes
(died 1114), daughter of the Holy Roman emperor Henry IV; at the same time
Frederick was created duke of Swabia.
Ghibellines).
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Reference:
"Hohenstaufen," Microsoft (R) Encarta. Copyright (c) 1993 Microsoft
Corporation. Copyright (c) 1993 Funk & Wagnall's Corporation

Frederick — Agnes Of Franconia. Agnes (daughter of Heinrich IV Emperor Germany and Bertha, Countess Of Maurine, [Empress]) was born Abt 1051; died 1141. [Group Sheet]

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Heinrich, married Ulfhide (Wolfhildis), Princess Saxony 1094/1099. Ulfhide (daughter of Magnus, Duke Of Saxony and Zsofia, Princess Of Hungary) was born Abt 1079, Saxe, Prussia; died 22 Dec 1126, Altdorf, Uri, Switzerland; was buried Altdorf, Uri, Switzerland. [Group Sheet]

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Ulfhide (Wolfhildis), Princess Of Saxony

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Frederick — Hildegarde Von Hohenlohe. Hildegarde was born Abt 1016. [Group Sheet]

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Heinrich IV Emperor Of Germany became king of Germany at the age of six. The
nobles revolted while his mother served as regent. When he took control of the
kingdom in 1069, he tried to establish his authority throughout Germany. But he
came into conflict with Pope Gregory VII. In 1075, Gregory denied civil rulers
the authority to make appointments to church offices. In response, Henry
called a council which met at Worms in 1076 and declared the pope disposed.
Gregory in turn expelled Henry from the church and released his subjects from
allegiance to him.

After a long struggle, Henry had to yield. Pope Gregory had retired to a
stronghold at Canossa in the Apennines. It is said that Henry had to stand
barefoot in the snow for three days before he was permitted to kneel at the
pope's feet and be pardoned. But after his return to Germany, Henry renewed
the struggle. For years his country was torn by civil war. In 1084, he
captured Rome and replaced Gregory with a pope he had chosen. Gregory died in
exile soon afterward, but his successors took up the contest. One of them
again expelled Henry from the church. Finally, in 1105, Henry was forced to
abdicate after one of his sons had been persuaded to rebel against him. Henry
died while preparing for war.
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Reference:
"The World Book Encyclopedia", 1968, p H182.

Divorced 14 August 1089

Heinrich married Bertha, Countess Of Maurine, [Empress] 1065. Bertha, (daughter of Otto, Count Of Maurine and Adaline De Suza) was born 15 Sep 1051, Of, Maurine, Italy; died 21 Dec 1087. [Group Sheet]

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Empress of Germany

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Guelph IV Duke Of Bavaria

Guelph married Judith Countess Of Northumberland 1070. Judith (daughter of Baldwin V Count Flanders and Adele (Alix) Princess France) was born Abt 1036, , Flanders; died 1093. [Group Sheet]

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Judith (Fausta), Countess Of Northumbria

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Magnus, married Zsofia, Princess Of Hungary 1070. Zsofia, (daughter of Bela I, King Hungary and Richza or Ryksa, Poland, Queen) was born Abt 1043, Of, Esztergom, K-Eszt, Hungary; died 12 Jun 1095. [Group Sheet]

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• AFN: 881C-90